How did the new england colonies make a living

Flag of Great Britain — The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in and formed the United States of America.

The thirteen were roughly north to south: Province of New HampshireProvince of Massachusetts BayColony of Rhode Island and Providence PlantationsConnecticut ColonyProvince of New YorkProvince of New JerseyProvince of PennsylvaniaDelaware ColonyProvince of MarylandColony of VirginiaProvince of North CarolinaProvince of South Carolinaand Province of Georgia.

The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. They were part of Britain's possessions in the New Worldwhich also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida.

In the 18th century, the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilismin which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country. However, the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self-government and active local elections, and increasingly resisted London's demands for more control.

In the s, the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain.

Tudors in America: how England's New World colonies came into being | History Extra

These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists' " Rights as Englishmen ", especially the principle of " no taxation without representation ". Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolutionin which the colonies collaborated in forming a Continental Congress which declared independence in and fought the American Revolutionary War — with the aid of Francethe Dutch Republicand Spain.

The first permanently settled English colony in North America was the Colony and Dominion of Virginiaestablished The number of "thirteen" was complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia inalthough the term "Thirteen Colonies" became current only in the context of the American Revolution. Contemporary documents usually list the thirteen colonies of British North America in geographical order, from the north to the south:.

Virginia and Maryland comprised the Chesapeake Colonies ; North and South Carolina were united as the Province of Carolina — Each of the thirteen colonies developed its own system of limited local self-government under an appointed royal governorderived from the English system of common law and composed largely of independent farmers who owned their own land, voted for their local and provincial government, and served on local juries. Colonial decisions were subject to approval by the governor and the home government.

There were also substantial populations of African slaves in some of the colonies, especially Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. The names of the colonies were chosen by the founders and proprietors, subject to royal approval, and given in the founding charters. Nine of the thirteen chose to include in their names the term "Province of Later residents tended to drop the ambiguous terminology, as in the map shown in the article Province of New Jerseywhich is labeled simply "East Jersey" and "West Jersey".

The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century, and to nearly 2. Perkins notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies: These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates.

Immigration was a minor factor from to Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies. In most places, it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina.

The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. By the midth century, life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies. The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate, reaching nearly four million by the census.

From untilthe rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England. Christianity was the predominant religion in the Thirteen Colonies. There were also adherents of Judaism and deismas well as irreligious people. The colonies were religiously diverse, with numerous Protestant denominations brought by British, German, Dutch, and other immigrants.

Christianity was especially strong in New England, as well as in many German and Dutch settlements. The Church of England was officially established in most of the Southbut its Anglican churches were often controlled by local planters, in a belt stretching from Virginia as far as Georgia, and its enemies blocked the appointment of bishops.

The Reformed tradition was supported by Puritans in New England, who felt that the Church of England was not sufficiently reformed. It was brought in its various PresbyterianCongregationalistand Continental Reformed varieties.

The Dutch Reformed Church was popular among Dutch Americansand Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants. They also brought diverse forms of Anabaptismespecially the Amish variety. Quakers founded Pennsylvaniaand Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became Rhode Island.

Roman Catholics and Jews also arrived, and English Catholics founded Maryland. Higher education was available for young men in the North, and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers. The oldest colleges were Harvard CollegeCollege of New Jersey PrincetonYale Collegeand College of Rhode Island Brown. Others were King's College Columbiathe College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvaniaand Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

South of Philadelphia, there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia, especially aspiring lawyers. Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys, but public schooling was rare elsewhere. Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools, and they had no access to college.

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Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner, although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland. Afterthe royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies, which were growing rapidly in population and wealth. Inonly Virginia was a royal colony; byhalf were under the control of royal governors.

These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London. Historians before the s emphasized American nationalism. However, scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the "Imperial school" led by Herbert L. OsgoodGeorge Louis BeerCharles McLean Andrewsand Lawrence H. This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the s, and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies. In this view, there was never a threat before the s that any colony would revolt or seek independence.

British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land-owning aristocracy, along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation.

The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country. Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature, and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Women, children, indentured servants, and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head.

London insisted on this requirement for the colonies, telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders—that is, those who did not own land. The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes.

There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad-hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Outside of Puritan New England, election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, meet old friends, and hear the speeches—all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, and gambling.

They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. The candidates knew that they had to "swill the planters with bumbo" rum. Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed.

The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of forex iml few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology.

Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality hang seng index futures trading than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues. The colonies were independent of one other long before ; indeed, all the colonies forex lynx as separate and unique settlements or plantations.

Further, efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Forex predictions usd jpy of led by Benjamin Franklin. The thirteen all had well-established systems of self-government fx options middle office manager elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference.

The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile systemwhere all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain—its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies.

Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires.

The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch.

The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navywhich not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them.

Slavery in the North

Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam New York in The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish, or Dutch empires using the Navigation Actswhich Americans avoided as often as they could.

The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants Binary options portal broker comparison of Assistance.

InBoston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, "Then and there the child Independence was born. However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally. On December 1,Patrick Henry argued how did the new england colonies make a living Parson's Cause in the Colony of Virginia at Hanover Courthouse, [23] where the legislature had passed a law which was then vetoed by the king.

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Henry argued "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience". Great Britain took control of the French holdings in North America broker ncb stockbrokers the Caribbean following their victory in the French and Indian War in The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French, to keep them forex kleben from the American frontiersmen.

To this end, the Royal Proclamation of restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountainsas this was designated an Indian Reserve. Americans insisted on the principle of " no taxation without representation " beginning with the intense protests over the Stamp Act ofrepresentation being understood in the context of Parliament directly levying the duty or excise tax, and thus by-passing the colonial legislatures, which had levied taxes on the colonies in the monarch's stead prior to The other British colonies that had assemblies largely agreed with those in the Thirteen Colonies, but they were thoroughly controlled by the British Empire and the Royal Navyso protests were hopeless.

Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in Tensions escalated in as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Actswhich greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts, among other things. In response, the colonies formed extralegal bodies of elected representatives, generally known as Provincial Congresses.

Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise. During the Second Continental Congressthe thirteenth colony Georgia sent delegates, as well.

By springall royal officials had been expelled from all thirteen colonies. The Continental Congress became a national government. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states. Inthe British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain claimed the orange. The red area is the area of settlement; most lived within 50 miles of the ocean.

State land claims based on colonial charters, and later cessions to the U. Besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West IndiesNewfoundlandthe Province of QuebecNova ScotiaPrince Edward IslandBermudaand East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over.

There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America: NewfoundlandRupert's Land the area around the Hudson BayNova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, East Florida, West Florida, and the Province of Quebec.

There were other colonies in the Americas as well, largely in the British West Indies. These colonies remained loyal to the crown.

Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question. It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances.

Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England, and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of "neutrality. Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade.

The Quebec Act of gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire, and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. The American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. Even so, the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause.

In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica, Grenadaand Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation, but the others were quite loyal. Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations many of whom lived in London ; in turn the planters' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts.

The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands. During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships. In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports. There was increasing sympathy for the American cause, including smuggling, and both colonies were considered "passive allies" of the United States throughout the war.

When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder, the colony gave no resistance at all. East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty. The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers.

AfterEast Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South, especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina. Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in The first British empire centered on the 13 American colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain.

The tastytrade futures options School" in the s—s period took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration.

Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles M. Andrewsand Lawrence Gipson. The shock of Britain's defeat in caused a radical revision of their policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire; of course, Britain still owned Canada and some islands in the West Indies. The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies, followed by a "swing to the east" and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia.

Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the s and successfully broke away. Since the s, the mainstream of historiography emphasizes the growth of American consciousness and nationalism, and its Republican value system in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders.

In the analysis of the coming of the Revolution, historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revisionreviewed on 21 June Thirteen Colonies Part of British America — as Colonies of England — Colonies of Great Britain — — Flag of Great Britain — English German Dutch Multiple indigenous languages. Puritanism Anglicanism Other Protestantism Judaism Roman Catholicism Native American religion.

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British America and Colonial history of the United States. Historiography of the British Empire. British Empire portal United States portal North America portal. Bureau of the Census, A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, — p. A History to 4th ed. Early use of the term "thirteen colonies" in reference to the founding states of the US date to the American Revolution, e. John RoebuckAn Enquiry, Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or Americap.

The critical review, or annals of literature vol. This being the case he [the writer] asks, how can it happen, that a people so lately loyal, should so suddenly become universally disloyal, and firmly attached to republican government". From toit existed as the de facto independent Vermont Republic. They do include Indians living under colonial control, as well as slaves and indentured servants. The Economy of Colonial America.

The Journal of Economic History. Encyclopedia of African American History, Miller and Smith, eds. Dictionary of American Slavery p. Bonomi, Under the cope of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in Colonial America Urban and Jennings L.

A History 5th ed. Indiana Magazine of History Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: The Statutes at Large of South Carolina: The Genesis of the American Mind pp. Volume 1 p. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, — Praeger, p, Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic London; Melbourne: Macmillan,31, http: Atlantic America, — p.

Breen, American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Oxford History of the British Empire: Middlekauff, "The American Continental Colonies in the Empire", in Robin Winks, ed. Trends, Interpretations and Resources pp Shade, "Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: A Very Short Introduction. American Historians in the Context of Empire", Journal of American History86 3 pp:. Cogliano, "Revisiting the American Revolution", History Compass 8 8 pp Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law", in Gould and Onuf, eds.

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